Stabilisation policy, rational expectations and price-level versus ination targeting: a survey

We survey literature comparing in‡ation targeting (IT) and price-level targeting (PT) as macroeconomic stabilisation policies. Our focus is on New Keynesian models and areas that have seen signi…cant developments since Ambler’s (2009) survey: optimal monetary policy; the zero lower bound; …nancial frictions; and transition costs of adopting a PT regime. Ambler’s conclusion that PT improves social welfare in New Keynesian models is fairly robust, but we note an interesting split in the literature: PT consistently outperforms IT in models where policymakers commit to simple Taylor-type rules, but results in favour of PT when policymakers minimise loss functions are overturned with small deviations from the baseline model. Since the bene…cial e¤ects of PT appear to hang on the joint assumption that agents are rational and the economy New Keynesian, we discuss survey and experimental evidence on rational expectations and the applied macro literature on the empirical performance of New Keynesian models. Overall, the evidence is not clear-cut, but we note that New Keynesian models can pass formal statistical tests against macro data and that models with rational expectations outperform those with behavioural expectations (i.e. heuristics) in direct statistical tests. We therefore argue that policymakers should continue to pay attention to